Drainage of Pancreatic Pseudocysts Using Lumen-apposing Metal Stents (LAMS): Experience in Two Referral Centers in Colombia

Introduction: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided drainage and luminal-apposing metal stents (LAMS) are the options for managing symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of LAMS for EUS-guided drainage of symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts in two referral centers in Colombia. Materials and methods: A multicenter prospective cohort study between June 2019 and December 2021 included 13 patients diagnosed with symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts who underwent EUS-guided drainage with LAMS. Technical success, clinical success, and successful stent removal were evaluated as outcomes. Safety outcomes included stent-related adverse events and general adverse events. Follow-up was carried out for eight weeks, collecting data on stent removal. Results: The average age was 53.4 years; 8/13 were men. The mean size of the pseudocyst was 9.56 ± 2.3 cm. Technical success was 100%, and clinical success was 92.3%. The stents were removed on average after 8 ± 2 weeks. The mean procedural time from puncture to stent deployment was 3.2 ± 2.4 minutes. In the imaging check-up, the collections had adequate drainage in all cases. There was a low frequency of complications; bleeding was documented in one case requiring surgery. Conclusions: LAMS is safe and effective in managing symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts, reducing hospital stay and cost overruns. Clinical symptomatology prevails in the surgery decision.

Introducción: el drenaje guiado por ultrasonido endoscópico (USE) y el uso de stent metálico luminal de aposición (LAMS) son de elección en el manejo de los pseudoquistes pancreáticos sintomáticos. Objetivo: evaluar la efectividad y seguridad del LAMS para el drenaje por USE de pseudoquistes pancreáticos sintomáticos en dos centros de referencia en Colombia. Materiales y métodos: estudio de cohorte prospectivo multicéntrico entre junio de 2019 y diciembre de 2021, se incluyeron a 13 pacientes con diagnóstico de pseudoquistes pancreáticos sintomáticos sometidos a drenaje por USE con LAMS. Se evaluaron como desenlaces el éxito técnico, el éxito clínico y la extracción exitosa del stent. Y los desenlaces de seguridad incluyeron eventos adversos relacionados con el stent y los eventos adversos generales. Se realizó seguimiento a 8 semanas, en las que se recopilaron datos relacionados con el retiro del stent. Resultados: la edad promedio fue 53,4 años, 8/13 fueron hombres. El tamaño medio del pseudoquiste fue de 9,56 ± 2,3 cm. El éxito técnico fue del 100% y el éxito clínico fue 92,3%. Los stents fueron retirados en promedio a las 8 ± 2 semanas. El tiempo medio del procedimiento desde la punción hasta el despliegue del stent fue 3,2 ± 2,4 minutos. En el control imagenológico hubo un adecuado drenaje de las colecciones en todos los casos. Hubo baja frecuencia de complicaciones, se documentó sangrado en 1 caso con requerimiento quirúrgico. Conclusiones: el uso de LAMS es seguro y efectivo en el manejo de pseudoquistes pancreáticos sintomáticos, disminuye la estancia hospitalaria y sobrecostos. La sintomatología clínica prima en la decisión de intervención.

Pseudoquiste de páncreas y hernia interna complicada. Presentación de un caso

Las hernias internas en su mayoría son de causas congénitas. Constituyen entidades nosológicas poco frecuentes. El cuadro abdominal agudo secundario a la complicación de estas se relaciona con oclusión intestinal y necrosis. En ocasiones, algunas enfermedades que anteceden o se descubren en el transcurso del padecimiento clínico, como el pseudoquiste pancreático, pueden dificultar el diagnóstico positivo. En este informe se describe el caso clínico de un paciente con diagnóstico de pseudoquiste de páncreas, que en el transcurso de la enfermedad presentó complicación de hernia interna. El paciente, de 45 años y con diagnóstico de pseudoquiste pancreático, presentó durante su ingreso cuadro de dolor abdominal acompañado de vómitos, lo que dio lugar a la sospecha de ruptura del pseudoquiste. Fue operado de urgencia, y se obtuvo entonces la evidencia de hernia interna (no diagnosticada de forma preoperatoria) complicada con necrosis de segmento de intestino delgado. No se observó ruptura del pseudoquiste pancreático. Las manifestaciones clínicas de la hernia interna complicada y la ruptura del pseudoquiste de páncreas son difíciles de discernir entre sí. El tratamiento quirúrgico de urgencia es el pilar fundamental ante la duda diagnóstica o el empeoramiento clínico del paciente.

Internal hernias are mostly congenital causes. They constitute rare nosological entities. The acute abdominal picture secondary to the complication of these is related to intestinal occlusion and necrosis. Sometimes, some diseases that precede or are discovered during the clinical condition, such as pancreatic pseudocyst, can make a positive diagnosis difficult. The clinical case of a patient diagnosed with a pancreatic pseudocyst, who presented a complication of internal hernia during the course of the disease it is described in this report. The 45-years-old patient with a pancreatic pseudocyst diagnosis presented symptoms of abdominal pain accompanied by vomiting during his admission, which led to suspicion of rupture of the pseudocyst. He underwent emergency surgery, and evidence of an internal hernia (not diagnosed preoperatively) complicated with small bowel segment necrosis was then obtained. No rupture of the pancreatic pseudocyst was observed. The clinical manifestations of complicated internal hernia and pancreatic pseudocyst rupture are difficult to distinguish from each other. Emergency surgical treatment is the fundamental pillar in the face of diagnostic doubt or clinical worsening of the patient.

Factores pronósticos de complicaciones en pacientes con pseudoquiste pancreático

Fundamento los pseudoquistes del páncreas se presentan como complicación en pancreatitis aguda y crónica, así como en el trauma pancreático. En ocasiones pasan inadvertidos, por su carácter asintomático en algunos casos, además del cuadro clínico poco definido. Los estudios orientados a esta temática permiten un manejo satisfactorio de los pacientes con diagnóstico de dicha entidad. Objetivo determinar los factores pronósticos de complicaciones en pacientes con pseudoquiste pancreático. Métodos se realizó un estudio descriptivo longitudinal, en pacientes con pseudoquistes pancreáticos atendidos en el Hospital Arnaldo Milián Castro, de Villa Clara, durante el período enero/2013-diciembre/2020. La muestra quedó definitivamente conformada por 45 pacientes. Resultados predominaron los pacientes con edades de 40-59 años (57,8 %), y del sexo masculino (62,2 %). La causa fundamental fue la pancreatitis aguda (51,1 %), y la localización más frecuente el cuerpo pancreático (37,8 %). El síntoma más observado fue el dolor abdominal (82,2 %). El manejo fue médico en la mayoría de los pacientes (75,6 %) y se realizó cistogastrostomía en el 13,3 %. Evolucionaron sin complicación el 68,9 %. Solo 3 pacientes fallecieron (6,7 %). La edad mayor de 52 años, el tiempo de formación mayor de seis semanas, el tamaño menor de 6 centímetros y la persistencia tuvieron valores de Odds Ratio: 1,214- IC(0,211-6,985); 7,250- IC(0,786-66,842); 4,688- IC(0,489-44,904); y 2,875- IC(0,479-17,239), respectivamente. Conclusiones la edad mayor de 52 años, la formación después de seis semanas, el tamaño menor de seis cm y la persistencia mayor de tres semanas constituyen factores de riesgo de complicaciones del pseudoquiste pancreático.

Background pseudocysts of the pancreas appear as a complication in acute and chronic pancreatitis, as well as in pancreatic trauma. Sometimes they go unnoticed, due to their asymptomatic nature in some cases, in addition to the poorly defined clinical picture. The studies oriented to this subject allow a satisfactory management of the patients diagnosed with said entity. Objective to determine the prognostic factors for complications in patients with pancreatic pseudocyst. Methods a longitudinal descriptive study was carried out in patients with pancreatic pseudocysts treated at the Arnaldo Milián Castro Hospital, in Villa Clara, from January/2013 to December/2020, 45 patients were the sample. Results patients aged 40-59 years old (57.8%), and males (62.2%) predominated. The fundamental cause was acute pancreatitis (51.1%), and the most frequent location was the pancreatic body (37.8%). The most observed symptom was abdominal pain (82.2%). Medical management was performed in most of the patients (75.6%) and cystogastrostomy in 13.3%. 68.9% evolved without complications. Only 3 patients died (6.7%). Age greater than 52 years old, formation time greater than six weeks, size less than 6 centimeters, and persistence had Odds Ratio values: 1.214- IC(0.211-6.985); 7,250- CI(0,786-66,842); 4.688-CI(0.489-44.904); and 2.875-CI(0.479-17.239), respectively. Conclusions age greater than 52 years old, formation after six weeks, size less than six cm, and persistence greater than three weeks are risk factors for complications of pancreatic pseudocyst.

A meta-analysis on the comparison between endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage and percutaneous drainage for treating pancreatic pseudocyst / 中华胰腺病杂志

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage (EUS-GD) and percutaneous drainage (PD) for the treatment of pancreatic pseudocyst (PPC) by meta-analysis.Methods:The key words were pancreatic pseudocyst, endoscopic ultrasonography, percutaneous drainage, endoscopic ultrasound-guided, EUS and EUS-guided, and the databases of CNKI, Wanfang, PubMed and Web of science were searched from the establishment to October 1, 2021 for the retrospective cohort studies on PD, endoscopic ultrasonography and PPC. The article were screened and the quality was evaluated according to the pre-set inclusion and exclusion criteria; and important data were extracted. The software REVMAN5.3 was used for meta-analysis.Results:14 articles were finally included, and a total of 843 patients with PPC were enrolled (485 in the EUS-GD group and 358 in the PD group). Mesh meta-analysis showed that in the incidence of technical success rate, clinical success rate and complication rate, there were no significant differences between PD group and EUS-GD group ( OR=0.69, 95% CI 0.32-1.46; OR=1.31, 95% CI 0.88-1.95; OR=1.01, 95% CI 0.70-1.47, all P value >0.05); but the incidence of the recurrence rate and reintervention rate in EUS-GD group were significantly lower than those in the PD group and the differences were statistically significant ( OR=0.45, 95% CI 0.23-0.85; OR=0.51, 95% CI 0.28-0.93, all P value <0.05). Conclusions:Compared with PD, EUS-GD can significantly reduce recurrence rate and complication rate, and it has more advantages than PD for the treatment of PPC.

Rotura de Pseudoaneurisma tras Pancreatitis Aguda Necrotizante que debuta como Hemorragia Digestiva Alta por Fistulización del Duodeno

Presentamos el caso de un varón de 64 años quien, tras un primer episodio de pancreatitis aguda necrotizante, reingresa a los 20 días por cuadro de dolor epigástrico intenso y posteriormente episodio de hemorragia digestiva alta en forma de hematemesis y melenas con inestabilización hemodinámica. Se realiza en ese momento gastroscopia urgente objetivándose probable fistula gastrointestinal en bulbo duodenal con coágulo adherido sin sangrado activo en ese momento por lo que se realiza angio-TC urgente que revela colección peripancreática necrótica con presencia de sangrado activo en su interior, procedente de la arteria pancreatoduodenal. La arteriografía urgente identificó imagen compatible con pseudoaneurisma arterial dependiente de la rama de arteria pancreatoduodenal, que fue embolizada con éxito. Desgraciadamente el paciente falleció en las horas posteriores, como consecuencia de un shock séptico secundario a colección pancreática infectada.

We present the case of a 64-year-old man who, after a first episode of acute pancreatitis, was readmitted 20 days later due to severe epigastric pain and later an episode of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the form of hematemesis and melena with hemodynamic instability. An urgent gastroscopy was performed at that time, revealing a probable gastrointestinal fistula in the duodenal bulb with an adherent clot without active bleeding at that time, so an urgent CT angiography was performed that revealed a necrotic peripancreatic collection with the presence of active bleeding inside from the pancreatoduodenal artery. Urgent arteriography identified an image compatible with arterial pseudoaneurysm dependent on the pancreaticoduodenal artery branch, which was successfully embolized. Unfortunately, the patient died a few hours later as a result of septic shock secondary to an infected pancreatic collection.

Giant pancreatic pseudocyst drainage by endoscopic cystogastrostomy: Case report / Drenaje de pseudoquiste pancreático gigante mediante cistogastrostomía endoscópica: reporte de caso

Abstract Introduction: The pancreatic pseudocyst is one of the late local complications of acute pancreatitis. For managing a giant pancreatic pseudocyst, there are multiple strategies. Aim: To present the case of a patient with a giant pancreatic pseudocyst managed by endoscopic cystogastrostomy. Clinical case: A 41-year-old woman developed a giant pancreatic pseudocyst as a complication of acute pancreatitis that was managed by endoscopic cystogastrostomy without endoscopic ultrasound guidance, with good evolution. Conclusions: Endoscopic cystogastrostomy, with or without the help of ultrasound endoscopy or lumen-apposing metal stent (LAMS), is a viable, safe, effective, and economical therapeutic option for selected patients with a giant pancreatic pseudocyst.

Resumen Introducción: el pseudoquiste pancreático es una de las complicaciones locales tardías de la pancreatitis aguda. Para el manejo del pseudoquiste pancreático gigante existen múltiples estrategias. Objetivo: presentar el caso de una paciente con pseudoquiste pancreático gigante manejado mediante cistogastrostomía endoscópica. Caso clínico: mujer de 41 años que desarrolló un pseudoquiste pancreático gigante como complicación de una pancreatitis aguda y se manejó mediante cistogastrostomía endoscópica sin guía ecoendoscópica, con una adecuada evolución. Conclusiones: la cistogastrostomía endoscópica, con la ayuda o no de ecoendoscopia ni stent de aposición luminal (LAMS), es una opción terapéutica viable, segura, efectiva y económica para pacientes seleccionados con pseudoquiste pancreático gigante.

Long-term efficacy of endoscopic transluminal drainage for acute pancreatitis complicated with walled-off necrosis or pancreatic pseudocyst / 中华消化内镜杂志

Objective:To evaluate the long-term efficacy of endoscopic transluminal drainage(ETD) for acute pancreatitis complicated with walled-off necrosis (WON) or pancreatic pseudocyst (PPC).Methods:A total of 79 patients who were diagnosed as having WON or PPC by abdominal CT or ultrasound and treated with ETD in Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital were enrolled. Past medical records and follow-up by phone call after discharge were analyzed for long-term outcomes including endocrine and exocrine functions and long-term quality of life.Results:A total of 50 patients were enrolled, including 31 patients with infected WON/PPC and 19 patients with uninfected WON/PPC. Seventeen patients (54.84%) in the infected WON/PPC group and 11 patients (57.89%) in the uninfected WON/PPC group lost 5% or more of their weight. There were no significant differences in the proportion of cases of weight loss of 5% or more ( P=0.833), or the weight loss between the two groups (12.59±8.89 kg VS 10.91±2.47 kg, P=0.522). Only one patient in the infected WON/PPC group had chronic abdominal pain. There was no significant difference in the Izbicki score between the two groups (23.79±6.74 VS 22.03±3.21, P=0.295). None of the patients developed steatorrhea after discharge. Five patients (16.67%, 5/30) in the infected WON/PPC group and 6 patients (40.00%, 6/15) in the uninfected WON/PPC group developed endocrine insufficiency with no significant difference ( P=0.140). Greater risk of secondary diabetes resulted from higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HR=1.9, 95% CI: 1.0-3.4, P=0.044)and triglycerides ( HR=1.2, 95% CI: 1.0-1.3, P =0.029). Conclusion:ETD is safe and effective for WON and PPC. But there is possibility that patients develop secondary diabetes. Additionally, greater risk of secondary diabetes results from higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides.

Characteristics and management of peripancreatic effusion in chronic pancreatitis / 中华消化内镜杂志

Objective:To study the characteristics and management of peripancreatic effusion in chronic pancreatitis.Methods:Data of 32 patients with chronic pancreatitis and 141 acute pancreatitis admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University from January 2018 to December 2019 were collected. According to the Atlanta classification, the peripancreatic effusion was divided into four categories: acute peripancreatic fluid collection (APFC), acute necrotic collection(ANC), pancreatic pseudocyst (PPC) and walled-off necrosis (WON). The general information, clinical manifestations, medical history, laboratory examination indicators and treatment of the four types of patients were recorded and analyzed.Results:Among the 32 patients with chronic pancreatitis complicated with peripancreatic effusion, 27 patients (84.4%) were diagnosed as having PPC, 3 patients (9.4%) WON and 2 (6.2%) APFC. No chronic pancreatitis with ANC was found. The incidence of PPC was higher in patients with chronic pancreatitis than those with acute pancreatitis [84.4% (27/32) VS 31.2% (44/141), P<0.01], and the APFC was lower [6.2% (2/32) VS 24.8% (35/141), P=0.021]. The incidence of ANC was also lower [0.0% (0/32) VS 36.9% (52/141), P<0.01], and there was no significant difference in the incidence of WON [9.4% (3/32) VS 7.1% (10/141), P=0.944]. Compared with patients with peripancreatic effusion of chronic pancreatitis, acute pancreatitis showed a higher proportion of clinical manifestations: fever [19.1% (27/141) VS 3.1% (1/32)], nausea [59.6% (84/141) VS 21.9% (7/32)], vomit [56.7% (80/141) VS 21.9% (7/32)], tenderness [79.4% (112/141) VS 34.4% (11/32)], rebounding pain [42.6% (60/141) VS 0.0% (0/32)], increase of C reactive protein [95.7% (135/141) VS 40.6% (13/32)] ( P< 0.05), and the mean hospital stay was longer (13 days VS 11 days, P=0.048). Imaging examination showed that the proportion of lesions >5 cm in diameter in PPC patients with acute pancreatitis was higher than those with chronic pancreatitis [70.5% (31/44) VS 29.6% (8/27), P=0.001]. WON in chronic pancreatitis patients was limited to the pancreas [3/3 VS 1/10, P =0.014]. In terms of treatment strategies, 25 patients (78.1%) received conservative treatment in 32 chronic pancreatitis. There was no significant difference in treatment strategy between patients with acute pancreatitis and those with chronic pancreatitis. Conclusion:In the peripancreatic effusion of chronic pancreatitis, PPC is the most common. Peripancreatic effusion is mainly treated conservatively. There is no difference in treatment among different types of peripancreatic effusion in chronic pancreatitis. However, compared with chronic pancreatitis, peripancreatic effusion in acute pancreatitis may need more active intervention.

Stent selection of endoscopic ultrasound-guided transgastric drainage for pancreatic pseudocysts / 中华消化内镜杂志

Objective:To investigate the drainage efficacy of different types of plastic stents in endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided transgastric drainage for pancreatic pseudocysts.Methods:Clinical data of patients with pancreatic pseudocyst who underwent EUS-guided transgastric drainage in the surgical endoscopic center of the First Hospital of Lanzhou University from March 2014 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into the 10 F double plastic stents group and the 7 F double plastic stents group. The drainage efficacy, complications and long-term outcomes of the two groups were compared.Results:A total of 29 patients were included, 11 in the 10 F double plastic stents group and 18 others in the 7 F double plastic stents group. The operation time of the two groups was 48.2±8.0 min and 34.7±5.8 min, respectively, showing significant difference ( t=5.24, P<0.001). There was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative complications such as abdominal pain [18.2% (2/11) VS 5.6% (1/18)], fever [9.1% (1/11) VS 11.1% (2/18)] or bleeding (both none) between the two groups (all P>0.05). Two months after the operation, abdominal CT scan showed that the complete disappearance rates of cysts cavity in the 10 F and 7 F groups were 90.9% (10/11) and 88.9% (16/18), respectively, with no significant difference ( P=1.00). Conclusion:There are similar drainage effect and postoperative complications rates between the 7 F and the 10 F plastic stent in EUS-guided transgastric drainage for pancreatic pseudocysts. However, operation with the 7 F stent is more convenient for a shorter time, which is worth of clinical promotion.

Drenaje percutáneo trans-gástrico de necrosis pancreática amurallada complicado en paciente pediátrico / WON transgastric percutaneous drainage complicated in a pediatric patient

Resumen Las complicaciones de la pancreatitis aguda se dividen en sistémicas y locales, y entre estas últimas se encuentran las colecciones líquidas pancreáticas agudas, la colección necrótica aguda, el pseudoquiste y la necrosis amurallada pancreática. Se reporta el caso de niña de nueve años con pancreatitis aguda idiopática severa, quien desarrolló una necrosis pancreática amurallada de 75 x 45 mm. Por la persistencia del dolor abdominal y la intolerancia a la vía oral, a pesar del manejo médico, se indicó un abordaje percutáneo transgástrico para su tratamiento. Se obtuvo éxito técnico y terapéutico a través del drenaje de la colección, permitiendo iniciar la vía oral y disminuyendo los requerimientos de analgesia. La paciente evolucionó satisfactoriamente, con alta quirúrgica a los 13 días y retiro del catéter a los 30 días. A los cuatro meses de seguimiento se evidenció una colección recidivante asintomática, manejándose de manera conservadora. Lo anterior permite considerar que el abordaje percutáneo transgástrico es una técnica segura y eficaz; sin embargo, evaluar la efectividad y morbimortalidad en población pediátrica requiere de otros estudios que posibiliten llegar conclusiones que generen mayor evidencia científica.

Abstract The complications of acute pancreatitis are divided into systemic and local such as acute pancreatic fluid collections, acute necrotic collection, pseudocyst and pancreatic walled necrosis. The case of a nine-year-old girl with idiopathic severe acute pancreatitis who developed a pancreatic walled necrosis of 75 x 45mm is reported. Due to the persistence of abdominal pain and intolerance to the oral route, despite medical treatment, a trans gastric percutaneous approach was indicated for the treatment of pancreatic walled necrosis. Technical and therapeutic success was obtained through the drainage of the collection, allowing to start the oral route and decreasing the analgesia requirements. The patient evolved satisfactorily, with surgical discharge after 13 days and removal of the catheter after 30 days. After 4 months of follow-up, a recurrent asymptomatic collection was evidenced, being handled in a conservative manner. The above mentioned allows considering that the trans-gastric percutaneous approach is a safe and effective technique; however, evaluating the effectiveness and morbimortality in pediatric population requires other studies that make possible to reach conclusions that generate more scientific evidence.

Abordaje percutáneo transgástrico en la disrupción ductal del páncreas: serie de casos / Percutaneous transgastric approach in pancreatic ductal disruption: Case series

Resumen Se presentan 6 pacientes con disrupción ductal del páncreas (DDP) tratados mediante drenaje percutáneo guiado por imágenes con apoyo de la endoscopia. Inicialmente, los pacientes presentaron necrosis pancreática infectada tratada con drenaje percutáneo transgástrico y luego de resolver la infección desarrollaron DDP. En el estudio por imágenes se diagnosticaron 4 pacientes con disrupción ductal parcial y 2 con disrupción total, a quienes se les indicó la colocación de una prótesis transgástrica percutánea para lograr el drenaje del líquido pancreático hacia el estómago. La duración promedio de la prótesis fue de 183 días; no hubo casos de mortalidad. Se pudo evidenciar que esta opción terapéutica mínimamente invasiva tiene baja morbimortalidad, por lo que se plantea el abordaje percutáneo transgástrico apoyado por la endoscopia como posible tratamiento de la DDP.

Abstract A total of six patients with pancreatic ductal disruption (PDD), treated with image-guided endoscopy percutaneous drainage were enrolled. Initially, patients had infected pancreatic necrosis, treated with transgastric percutaneous drainage, and after the infection was controlled, they developed PDD. In the imaging study process, four patients were diagnosed with partial duct disruption and two patients with complete duct disruption. In both cases the placement of a percutaneous transgastric prosthesis to drain the pancreatic fluids to the stomach was indicated. The prosthesis remained 183 days on average and there were no mortality cases. This therapeutic minimally invasive alternative has low rates of morbimortality and thus, the endoscopy percutaneous transgastric approach is considered as a viable treatment in PPD.

Manejo quirúrgico de pseudoquiste pancreático gigante: caso clínico / Surgical management of giant pancreatic pseudocyst: case report

Resumen Introducción: Los pseudoquistes pancreáticos (PQP) corresponden al 80% de las lesiones quísticas del páncreas. Se debe descartar un tumor quístico, que representan el 10% al 15% de los quistes del páncreas y 1% de los tumores malignos por lo que es fundamental el estudio y diagnóstico diferencial. El término pseudoquiste pancreático gigante se usa tradicionalmente cuando el tamaño es mayor de 10 cm. Hay pocos casos de PQP gigantes en la literatura nacional. Objetivo: Reportar caso clínico con PQP gigante, analizar el diagnóstico diferencial y las opciones terapéuticas. Materiales y Método: Paciente con distensión abdominal progresiva, pérdida de peso y anorexia, posepisodio de pancreatitis aguda. Tomografía computarizada abdominal y resonancia magnética confirman lesión quística gigante intraabdominal. El paciente fue tratado con una cistoyeyunostomía pancreática abierta en Y de Roux. El análisis del contenido aspirado durante la cirugía sugiere PQP. Para la discusión se revisa la literatura más relevante. Resultados: Excelente resultado clínico postoperatorio, el estudio histopatológico de la pared del quiste confirmó el diagnóstico de pseudoquiste pancreático. Al año de seguimiento, el paciente permanece asintomático. Discusión: El estudio preoperatorio es crucial para determinar el diagnóstico diferencial y descartar lesiones neoplásicas o parasitarias quísticas. Los PSQ gigantes reportados son poco frecuentes y su manejo quirúrgico dependerá fundamentalmente de su tamaño, de las relaciones anatómicas y de la experiencia del equipo tratante.

Introduction: Pancreatic pseudocysts (PQP) correspond to 80% of cystic lesions of the pancreas. A cystic tumor must be ruled out, which represents 10% to 15% of pancreatic cysts and 1% of malignant tumors, so the study and differential diagnosis is essential. The term giant pancreatic pseudocyst is traditionally used when the size is greater than 10 cm. There are few cases of giant PQP in the national literature. Objective: To report a clinical case with giant PQP, to analyze the differential diagnosis and therapeutic options. Materials and Method: Patient with progressive abdominal distension, weight loss and anorexia post episode of acute pancreatitis. Abdominal computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging confirm a giant intra-abdominal cystic lesion. The patient was treated with an open Roux-en-Y pancreatic cysto-jejunostomy. Analysis of the content aspirated during surgery suggests PQP. The most relevant literature is reviewed for discussion. Results: Excellent postoperative clinical results, the histopathological study of the cyst wall, confirmed the diagnosis of pancreatic pseudocyst. At one year of follow-up, the patient remains asymptomatic. Discussion: The preoperative study is crucial to determine the differential diagnosis and rule out neoplastic or cystic parasitic lesions. Reported giant PSQs are rare and their surgical management will depend fundamentally on their size, anatomical relationships, and the experience of the treating team.

Cistogastroanastomosis laparoscópica en un paciente pediátrico: reporte de un caso / Laparoscopic cystogastroanastomosis in a pediatric patient: a case report

RESUMEN Los trastornos pancreáticos, las pancreatitis agudas de etiología biliar son infrecuentes en pediatría y más aún los pseudoquistes pancreáticos, los cuales son colecciones líquidas rodeadas por una cápsula fibrosa sin epitelio, generalmente secundario a una pancreatitis aguda. Presentamos el caso de una paciente femenina de 14 años, con antecedente de pancreatitis aguda de origen biliar hace 10 meses, que presenta dolor abdominal y una masa palpable en epigastrio. Se realizaron estudios imagenológicos, confirmando el diagnóstico de pseudoquiste pancreático y colelitiasis. Se optó por las bondades técnicas y estéticas de la laparoscopía, para esta población. Por lo cual, se realizó una cistogastroanastomosis y colecistectomía laparoscópica, con una evolución favorable. Nosotros reafirmamos que esta técnica, es un método seguro y efectivo, para el manejo de esta patología en pacientes pediátricos, y debería considerarse como primera opción, al no contar con procedimientos endoscópicos. Siendo este, el primer reporte en nuestro medio.

ABSTRACT The pancreatic disorders, as acute pancreatitis, of biliary etiology are rare in pediatrics, even more the pancreatic pseudocysts. They are liquid collections surrounded of a fibrous capsule without epithelium, secondary to acute pancreatitis. We present the case of a 14-year-old female patient with a history of acute pancreatitis because of biliary etiology, 10 months prior. She complained of intermittent abdominal pain and a palpable mass in the epigastrium. The Imaging studies showed a pancreatic pseudocyst and cholelithiasis. The laparoscopy was chosen because the technical and esthetic benefits for this population. Therefore, a laparoscopic cystogastro-ostomy-anastomosis and cholecystectomy were performed, with good progress. We affirm this technique is a safe and effective method for the management of this pathology in pediatric patients, and it should be considered as the first option in case endoscopic procedures are not available. This is the first report in our settings.

Efficacy and safety of endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts using double-pigtail plastic stents: A single tertiary center experience

OBJECTIVES: Pancreatic pseudocysts (PPC) are fluid collections with a well-defined wall that persist for more than 4 weeks inside or around the pancreas as a result of pancreatic inflammation and/or a ductal lesion. PPC have been successfully treated with endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided drainage using different stents. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of EUS-guided drainage of PPC using double-pigtail plastic stents in a tertiary hospital. METHODS: Patients with PPC referred for EUS-guided drainage between May 2015 and December 2019 were included in this case series. The primary endpoint was to evaluate the efficacy (clinical success) and safety (adverse events and mortality) of EUS-guided drainage of PPC. Secondary endpoints included technical success and pseudocyst recurrence. RESULTS: Eleven patients (mean age, 44.5±18.98 years) were included in this study. The etiologies for PPC were acute biliary pancreatitis, chronic alcoholic pancreatitis, and blunt abdominal trauma. The mean pseudocyst size was 9.4±2.69 cm. The clinical success rate was 91% (10/11). Adverse events occurred in three of 11 patients (27%). There were no cases of mortality. The technical success rate was 100%. Pseudocyst recurrence was identified in one of 11 patients (9%) at 12 weeks after successful clinical drainage and complete pseudocyst resolution. CONCLUSION: EUS-guided transmural drainage of PPC using double-pigtail plastic stents is safe and effective with high technical and clinical success rates.

Risk factor analysis of pancreatic pseudocyst in patients with severe acute pancreatitis / 中华胰腺病杂志

Objective:To investigate the risk factors of pancreatic pseudocyst (PPC) in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP).Methods:The clinical data of 142 SAP patients treated in the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from January 2015 to December 2019 were collected and retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups: group with PPC ( n=48) and group without PPC ( n=94) according to whether they were complicated with PPC. The sex, age, body mass index, etiology, past history of diabetes or pancreatitis, modified CT severity index (MCTSI) score within 3 to 10 days of the onset, APACHEⅡ score within 48 hours of admission, fasting time, oxygenation index, hematocrit, white blood cell count, the percentage of neutrophil, serum procalcitonin (PCT), the levels of albumin, urea nitrogen(BUN), serum calcium, lactate dehydrogenase and creatinine, whether complicated with ascites and whether hemofiltration treatment was performed within 24 hours after admission were recorded. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic stepwise regression were used to analyze the independent risk factors of PPC formation after SAP. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was drawn and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated to evaluate the efficacy of each index in predicting the formation of PPC in patients with SAP. Results:Univariate analysis showed that PPC formation significantly correlated with MCTSI score, APACHEⅡ score, fasting time, PCT, serum albumin, BUN, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine, serum calcium level and ascites ( P<0.05). Multivariate regression analysis showed that MCTSI score ( OR=1.81, 95% CI 1.273-2.571, P=0.001) and fasting time ( OR=1.083, 95% CI 1.002-1.171, P=0.044) were the risk factors for PPC formation in SAP patients. Serum albumin ( OR=0.875, 95% CI 0.781-0.979, P=0.02) and serum calcium ( OR=0.02, 95% CI 0.002-0.178, P<0.001) were the protective factors for PPC formations. AUC predicted by MCTSI score, fasting time, serum albumin and serum calcium levels for PPC formations in patients with SAP were 0.783 (95% CI 0.706-0.860), 0.650 (95% CI 0.553-0.746), 0.809(95% CI 0.738-0.881) and 0.855(95% CI 0.795-0.915) respectively, and the best cut-off values predicted were 7 points, 17.5 days, 33.5 g/L and 1.79 mmol/L. Conclusions:MCTSI score >7, fasting time >17.5 days, hypocalcemia and low albumin level were the independent risk factors for SAP complicated with PPC, which need close follow-up and timely intervention.

Pseudoquiste de páncreas. Presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Pancreatic Pseudocyst. Case Report and Literature Review

RESUMEN El pseudoquiste pancreático es una complicación local debido a la ruptura del conducto pancreático en pancreatitis aguda o crónica, trauma u obstrucción del conducto pancreático. Su incidencia es de 1:100,000/año y la prevalencia de 6,0 % a 18,5 %. Las formas agudas suelen resolverse espontáneamente en más del 40 % de los casos y las crónicas habitualmente no desaparecen de manera espontánea y tienen mayor riesgo de complicaciones. Pueden ser drenados por métodos quirúrgicos, laparoscópicos, percutáneos y endoscópicos. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino que acudió a la consulta de cuerpo de guardia de cirugía por presentar dolor abdominal en epigastrio acompañado de abundantes vómitos y un ligero tinte ictérico. Se estudió el caso y se programó cirugía electiva, se realizó apertura de la cara anterior y posterior de estómago. Se realizó la técnica quirúrgica de Juracz, una cistogastrostomía. El paciente lleva 1 año de operado con evolucionó favorablemente. Por lo poco frecuente del caso se decide su publicación.

ABSTRACT Pancreatic pseudocyst is a local complication due to rupture of the pancreatic duct in acute or chronic pancreatitis, trauma or obstruction of the pancreatic duct. Its incidence is 1: 00,000 year and the prevalence is 6.0 % to 18.5 %. Acute forms usually resolve spontaneously in more than 40 % of cases and chronic forms usually do not disappear spontaneously and are at higher risk of complications. They can be drained by surgical, laparoscopic, percutaneous, and endoscopic methods. A case of a male patient who attended the surgery guard office due to abdominal pain in the epigastrium accompanied by abundant vomiting and a slight icteric tinge, it is presented. The case was studied and elective surgery was scheduled, opening of the anterior and posterior face of the stomach was performed. The Juracz surgical technique, a cystogastrostomy, was performed. The patient has been operated on for 1 year with a favorable evolution. Due to the rare nature of the case, its publication is decided.

Excision of a giant pseudo-pancreatic cyst masquerading as ascites in young patient: a case report

Pancreatic pseudocysts are diagnosed more frequently due to increased usage of imaging techniques. A pseudocyst with diameter of 10 cm is defined as giant cyst. Larger and symptomatic pseudocysts require intervention while cysts upto 6 cm can be managed conservatively. A 16 year old young patient presented with abdominal pain, progressive abdominal distension, and breathlessness for 15 days. On examination, patient had tense distended abdomen with gross ascites. His vitals showed tachycardia, hypotension and tachypnea. After resuscitation, ultrasound showed gross ascites with moving echoes and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) abdomen showed similar findings. Patient underwent multiple therapeutic tapping of ascitic fluid but no significant improvement. Diagnostic laparoscopy showed giant pseudo pancreatic cyst extending from diaphragm to the pelvis with necrotic material. Patient underwent exploratory laparotomy, drainage of necrotic material with excision of giant pseudocyst and roux-en-y pancreaticojejunostomy. Post operatively patient had an uneventful recovery. Giant pancreatic pseudocysts are unusual and early management is required. Some experts considered external drainage is safer than cystogastrostomy. We suggest early diagnosis and surgical excision is feasible for a giant pancreatic pseudocyst. However, endoscopic drainage can be considered in some instances.

Factores asociados a complicaciones en pacientes con pseudoquiste pancreático. Hospital Arnaldo Milián Castro, 2013-2017 / Factors associated with complications in patients with pancreatic pseudocyst. "Arnaldo Milián Castro" University Hospital, 2013-2017

RESUMEN Introducción: Los pseudoquistes pancreáticos representan las lesiones quísticas más comunes del páncreas. Constituyen complicaciones de la pancreatitis aguda y de la crónica aunque existen otras causas menos frecuentes como los traumatismos pancreáticos. Objetivo: Identificar la influencia de factores clínicos y morfológicos en la evolución de los pacientes. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico longitudinal de cohorte en pacientes con pseudoquistes pancreáticos atendidos en el Hospital Arnaldo Milián Castro desde 2013 hasta 2017. Resultado: El pseudoquiste pancreático, en la muestra estudiada, predominó en el sexo masculino y el grupo de edad entre 40 y 60 años (55%) para ambos sexos, la edad media fue de 53 años. Se identificaron como factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de complicaciones: la pancreatitis aguda como causa (OR=2,377-IC: 0,566-9,977), el tiempo de formación menor de seis semanas (OR=2,333-IC: 0,373-14,613) y el tamaño menor de seis cm (OR=1,800-IC: 0,259-12,502). Conclusiones: La edad superior a 53 años, el sexo masculino y el tamaño menor a seis cm tuvieron mayor riesgo relativo de fallecimiento. Los factores de riesgo de complicaciones identificados fueron la pancreatitis aguda, la formación antes de seis semanas y el tamaño menor a seis cm. El tiempo de formación y persistencia del pseudoquiste fue mayor en los pacientes con complicaciones, a diferencia del tamaño que registró mayor valor para los pacientes sin complicaciones.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Pancreatic pseudocysts represent the most common cystic lesions of the pancreas. They are complications of acute and chronic pancreatitis although there are other less frequent causes such as pancreatic trauma. Objective: To identify the Influence of clinical and morphological factors involved in the evolution of patients. Material and Methods: An observational longitudinal analytical cohort study was conducted in patients with pancreatic pseudocysts treated at "Arnaldo Milián Castro" University Hospital from 2013 to 2017. Results: Pancreatic pseudocyst predominated in the male sex and in the age group between 40 and 60 years old (55 %) for both sexes in the sample studied; the median age was 53 years. We identified the following risk factors for the development of complications: acute pancreatitis as a cause (OR = 2,377-CI: 0,566-9,977), time of formation shorter than six weeks (OR = 2,333-CI: 0,373-14,613) and size smaller than six cm (OR = 1,800-IC: 0.259-12.502). Conclusions: Patients over the age of 53 years, male sex, and size less than six cm had a higher relative risk of death. The risk factors for complications identified were acute pancreatitis, formation before six weeks, and size less than six cm. The time of formation and persistence of pseudocysts were longer in patients with complications, unlike the size that registered greater value for patients without complications.

Intervencionismo endoscópico en la pancreatitis crónica / Endoscopic Intervention in Chronic Pancreatitis

Resumen La pancreatitis crónica es un trastorno irreversible y progresivo del páncreas caracterizado por inflamación, fibrosis y cicatrización. Las funciones exocrinas y endocrinas se pierden, lo que a menudo conduce al dolor crónico. La etiología es multifactorial, aunque el alcoholismo es el factor de riesgo más importante en los adultos. Si se sospecha pancreatitis crónica, la tomografía computarizada con contraste es la mejor modalidad de diagnóstico por imágenes. Aunque los narcóticos y los antidepresivos proporcionan el mayor alivio del dolor, más de la mitad de los pacientes eventualmente requiere una intervención por endoscopia o cirugía. La colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica es una alternativa eficaz para una variedad de terapias en el tratamiento de enfermedades benignas y malignas del páncreas. En los últimos 50 años, la endoterapia ha evolucionado hasta convertirse en la terapia de primera línea en la mayoría de las enfermedades inflamatorias agudas y crónicas del páncreas. A medida que avanza este campo, es importante que los gastroenterólogos mantengan un conocimiento adecuado de la indicación del procedimiento, mantengan el volumen de procedimiento suficiente para manejar la endoterapia pancreática compleja y comprendan enfoques alternativos a las enfermedades pancreáticas, incluidos el tratamiento médico, la terapia guiada por ecografía endoscópica, el manejo de las estenosis sintomáticas y cálculos, las intervenciones sobre el plexo celíaco y el drenaje de los pseudoquistes pancreáticos.

Abstract Chronic pancreatitis is an irreversible and progressive disorder of the pancreas characterized by inflammation, fibrosis and scarring. Exocrine and endocrine functions are lost often leading to chronic pain. Its etiology is multifactorial, although alcoholism is the most important risk factor in adults. If chronic pancreatitis is suspected, computed tomography with contrast is the best imaging modality. Although narcotics and antidepressants provide the greatest pain relief, more than half of all patients eventually require intervention by endoscopy or surgery. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is an effective alternative for a variety of therapies for treating benign and malignant diseases of the pancreas. In the last 50 years, endoscopic treatment has evolved to become the first-line therapy for most acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of the pancreas. As this field progresses, it has become important for gastroenterologists to keep their knowledge of indications for this procedure up-to-date and to perform a sufficient volume of procedures to allow them to manage complex pancreatic endoscopic therapy. Keeping up-to-date should include an understanding of alternative approaches to pancreatic diseases including medical treatment, therapy guided by endoscopic ultrasound, management of symptomatic stenoses and stones, interventions on the celiac plexus, and drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts.

A pancreatic hemorrhagic pseudocyst with pseudoaneurysm and the role of doppler ultrasonography: a case report

SUMMARY Hemorrhagic pseudocysts with pseudoaneurysms are a rare and fatal complication of chronic pancreatitis due to the erosion of pancreatic to peripancreatic arteries. The timing of the rupture cannot be accurately predicted, but prompt diagnosis and management are essential to prevent further bleeding. We describe the case of a 68-year-old man who presented acute epigastric pain and anemia and had a history of chronic pancreatitis with a pseudocyst. A biliary and pancreas MRI showed an enlarged size of a known pancreatic pseudocyst with internal high signal intensity material. Color-Doppler ultrasonography showed pulsating signals in the pseudocyst, and our final diagnosis was a pseudoaneurysm in the pancreatic hemorrhagic pseudocyst. The pseudoaneurysm was successfully treated with coil embolization of the feeding artery. We report this case of a rare complication of chronic pancreatitis to show that color-Doppler ultrasound is a non-invasive and effective diagnostic tool for pseudoaneurysm, which enables early detection and prompt treatment without the need for invasive diagnostic modalities.